Diabetes (SD) as defined by the World Health Organization (TRAIN) – is a state of prolonged high blood sugar, which can be caused by a number of external and internal factors. The disease itself is due to absolute (complete) and relative (relative) insulin deficiency, which leads to carbohydrate (sugar), fat and protein metabolism. In simple terms, it means, that diabetes is not just one disease, a whole group of diseases, which arise for various reasons., but they look the same.

WHAT IS TYPE I AND II DIABETES?

Type 1 diabetes used to be considered juvenile diabetes (juvenile type diabetes with a tendency to ketoacidosis). It appears most often before 30 years (more often at age 12-14 years) suddenly, with severe symptoms: thirst, large amount of urine (polyuria), hunger, weight loss, can be manifested by loss of consciousness with complete exhaustion and dehydration of the body, coma, when treatment is needed in the clinic, in the intensive care unit. Type I diabetes is the result of complete (absolute) insulin deficiency, caused by the death of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, that produce insulin.

Type II diabetes, previously considered as, adult diabetes, is a disease, due to insensitivity of body tissues to insulin. The amount of insulin produced may be normal or less, than healthy, but very often the level of insulin in the blood in this type of diabetes is even higher, than healthy people. It usually develops after 40 years, sometimes after 60 years, slowly, imperceptibly, often diagnosed only during preventive examinations by blood and urine tests or already at the stage of complications. Four out of five patients are overweight. However, this is all relative.. And in practice there are cases, when this type of diabetes occurs at a young age and without obesity.

HOW DIABETES MANIFESTS?

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia), which is the main laboratory sign of diabetes, and lack of insulin in the metabolism in the human body are the main clinical signs of diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes, these symptoms appear quickly, and in type II diabetes – slowly, gradually. main symptom – polyuria, t. is. large amount of urine: patient urinates frequently, even at night, hence the consequent second sign is thirst (dehydration of the body), famine. In type 1 diabetes, body weight is usually reduced, there is a risk of ketoacidosis, Infectious complications are common in type II diabetes, such as urinary tract infections, skin diseases (fungal diseases, inflammation of the hair follicles - folliculitis), discharge and itching in the genital area.

If diabetes is suspected, blood sugar levels should be checked, as well as the presence of sugar in the urine. Urine in healthy people does not contain sugar.

CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS OF TYPE II DIABETES?

Its synonyms – non-insulin dependent, adult diabetes, diabetes without ketoacidosis. This type of diabetes is often associated with obesity.. Its cause is a small number of insulin receptors and the resulting insulin resistance. (cell insensitivity to insulin). Patients, obese, high glucose levels, followed by an increase in insulin levels in the blood.

Clinical signs appear much more slowly, than in type I disease.; sometimes diabetes is determined only by the results of a blood and urine test during a preventive examination. There is also craving, characterized by frequent urination, infections are more common, particularly urinary tract and skin, fungal diseases of the skin and genital organs.

In type 2 diabetes, sugar levels rise slowly, insulin is present in the blood, so the symptoms are not so pronounced. Appear thirst, frequent urination, infectious complications occur. The disease is often diagnosed already during a biochemical blood test during a preventive examination or during a hospital stay for other reasons..

HOW TO DIAGNOSIS DIABETES MELLITUS?

1. For a patient with typical signs of diabetes (cm. higher: thirst, frequent urination, weight loss) enough data from one analysis, if the sugar level exceeds at least, than twice 7 mmol/l on an empty stomach or 10 or 11 mmol/l during the day (a lower value is typical for venous blood, higher values – for capillary blood, taken from the finger).
2. If the value of glycemia on an empty stomach is less than 5.5 mmol / l, then diabetes is ruled out.
3. If the value of glycemia from 5,5 to 7 mmol / l, oral glucose tolerance test (study of the body's ability to process glucose, delivered through the mouth).
4. If there are no typical signs of diabetes, you need to check the value of glycemia by two tests, taken on different days.

WHAT IS IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE?

It's about sickness, or state, when the patient is unable to process all the sugar, which consumes, but it's not diabetes. This condition is diagnosed by laboratory analysis., no symptoms.

IN 70% people with impaired glucose tolerance during 10 minutes to break diabetes, the rest will not change or may return to normal glucose tolerance.

WHO IS AT RISK FOR TYPE II DIABETES?

Risk groups for developing diabetes 2 type:

• Age over 45 years;
• Overweight and obesity (IMT>25);
• Family history of DM (parents with DS 2 type);
• Habitually low physical activity;
• Impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance (hidden diabetes mellitus) history;
• Gestational (occurring during pregnancy) diabetes mellitus or the birth of a large fetus (weight over 4,5 kg) history;
• Arterial hypertension (more 140/90 mm of mercury);
• An increase in triglyceride levels over 2,82 mmol / l)

HOW TO PREVENT TYPE II DIABETES?

Prevention of diabetes 2 type

Among all patients with diabetes, about 90 % people have diabetes 2 type. In this disease, insulin, produced by the pancreas, ceases to be perceived by the body and does not participate in the breakdown of glucose. The reasons for this disruption of metabolic processes can be:

• obesity;
• insufficient physical activity, aggravating obesity;
• unhealthy diet with a lot of fats and simple carbohydrates;
• genetic predisposition.

Prevention of diabetes 2 type boils down to the following.

Diet, fractional meals up to 5 once a day.

Eating refined carbohydrates (sugar, honey, jams, etc.) and saturated fat should be reduced to a minimum. The basis of nutrition should be complex carbohydrates and foods, rich in soluble fiber. The percentage of carbohydrates in food should be 60%, fat - approx. 20%, proteins - no more 20%. Opt for white meat poultry, lean fish, vegetable dishes, I open the grass, compote without added sugar. Replace fried food with boiled, stewed, baked. Sweets, carbonated drinks, desserts, instant drinks with sugar, fast food, smoked, avoid salty foods if possible. Only in this case, the prevention of diabetes will be really effective.. Moreover, The diabetic diet is also called the main cure for diabetes.. After all, without food restrictions, no treatment will give the desired effect..

Reasonable physical activity.

Physical activity improves metabolic processes and increases insulin sensitivity.

Prevention of diabetes: lead an active lifestyle.

Diabetes is directly linked to obesity, if you want to be healthy grab your weight with both hands! Any physical activity lowers blood sugar and increases insulin sensitivity.. Sport keeps you healthy, fitness classes are the most suitable in this regard..

Prevention of diabetes: use foods high in dietary fiber.

Such food normalizes bowel function., lowers cholesterol, promotes weight loss, improves blood sugar control. To products, rich in dietary fiber, can include almost all fruits and vegetables, legumes.

Prevention of diabetes: whole grains are very healthy.

Set aside half of your diet for whole grains. This will help control your blood pressure and prevent the onset of diabetes symptoms.. Now in shops and supermarkets there is a fairly wide range of products., made from whole grains. Before buying bread, pasta and others. flour products, be sure to find the inscription “whole grains” on the box. This is exactly what, what do you need.

Prevention of diabetes: stop smoking.

One of the causes of diabetes is stress and anxiety.. If a person tries to soothe himself with a cigarette, it only makes the situation worse, reduces the body's resistance and is a favorable environment for the development of diabetes. Research has also proven, that maternal smoking during pregnancy contributes to the development of diabetes in the child. If the person is already diabetic, smoking only aggravates the disease process and contributes to the development of complications (cardiovascular diseases, heart attack, thrombosis).

Prevention of diabetes: you don't need extra weight, lose weight!